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''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' is a species of gasteroid fungus in the family Sclerodermataceae, and is the type species of the genus ''Calostoma''. It is known by several common names, including stalked puffball-in-aspic and gelatinous stalked-puffball. The fruit body has a distinctive color and overall appearance, featuring a layer of yellowish jelly surrounding a bright red, spherical head approximately in diameter atop a red or yellowish brown spongy stipe tall. The innermost layer of the head is the gleba, containing clear or slightly yellowish elliptical spores, measuring 14–20 micrometers (µm) long by 6–9 µm across. The spore surface features a pattern of small pits, producing a net-like appearance. A widely distributed species, it grows naturally in eastern North America, Central America, northeastern South America, and East Asia. ''C. cinnabarinum'' grows on the ground in deciduous forests, where it forms mycorrhizal associations with oaks. Despite its appearance and common name, ''C. cinnabarinum'' is not related to the true puffballs, or to other mushrooms commonly called "stalked puffballs", such as the genera ''Podaxis'' and ''Tulostoma''. It is also unrelated to earthstars and stinkhorns. However, ''C. cinnabarinum'' has had a complex taxonomic history that at various times confused it with each of those groups, until the advent of molecular phylogenetics. Although eaten or used in folk medicine in some areas, it is typically considered inedible. ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' has a long taxonomic history. Leonard Plukenet illustrated a "dusty fungus from Virginia, an elegant twisted work with a coral-red stipe"〔 in his 1692 ''Phytographia''〔 that was later recognized as this species.〔 In 1809, Christiaan Persoon provided the first modern scientific description, as ''Scleroderma callostoma'', and suggested that the species may be distinctive enough to warrant the creation of a new genus.〔 Later that year, Nicaise Desvaux did just that, creating the genus ''Calostoma''.〔 To avoid a tautonymous name, he renamed the type species ''C. cinnabarinum''.〔 In 1811, Louis Bosc did not mention the earlier works when describing it as ''Lycoperdon heterogeneum'', although he also suggested it should be placed in its own genus.〔 Jean Poiret transferred Persoon's ''S. callostoma'' to ''Lycoperdon'' in 1817, while including Bosc's ''L. heterogeneum'' separately.〔 In the same year, Nees von Esenbeck noted Bosc's belief that the species deserved its own genus and created ''Mitremyces'', without referencing Desvaux's prior assignment to ''Calostoma''.〔 An 1825 paper by Edward Hitchcock referred to the species with the entirely novel binomial name ''Gyropodium coccineum''; although Hitchcock claimed this name was established by Lewis Schweinitz, he admitted that no such description was previously published,〔 and the name and its claimed origin are considered doubtful.〔 Schweinitz assigned Bosc's ''Lycoperdon heterogeneum'' to ''Mitremyces'' under the name ''M. lutescens'' in 1822.〔 He revisited the genus a decade later, describing ''M. cinnabarinum'' as a novel species,〔 but incomplete descriptions and mislabelled specimens caused confusion.〔 August Corda separated them more clearly, providing new descriptions, and assigning ''cinnabarinum'' to ''Calostoma'' based on the descriptions of Desvaux and Persoon, while maintaining ''lutescens'' in ''Mitremyces''.〔 George Massee's 1888 monograph of ''Calostoma'' discounted the distinction entirely, arguing that Schweinitz's two species were actually the same species at different stages of development.〔 In 1897, Charles Edward Burnap published a new description of ''C. lutescens'', making a clear division between the two similar species〔 that has not been substantially revised since. References to this species as "''C. cinnabarina''" are common but incorrect.〔 The specific epithet ''cinnabarinum'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word ''kinnábari'' (κιννάβαρι), and refers to its "cinnabar-red"〔 color, like that of dragon's blood.〔 Its names in the English vernacular include "stalked puffball-in-aspic",〔〔〔 "red slimy-stalked puffball",〔 "aspic puffball",〔 "gelatinous-stalked puffball",〔〔 and "hot lips".〔 In central Mexico, it is known as "orchid fungus" in both Spanish (''hongo orquídea'') and Nahuatl (''huang noono'').〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calostoma cinnabarinum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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